Muscles of the Gluteal Region

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Blood Supply Of Upper Limb

Upper Limb Arteries - Arm and Forearm

Upper Limb Arteries - Hand & Wrist

Upper Limb Viens

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Muscles of the Hand

Muscles acting on the hand can be divided into two groups: extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.

• The extrinsic muscles are located in the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. They control crude movements and produce a forceful grip.

• The intrinsic muscles of the hand are located within the hand itself. They are responsible for the fine motor functions of the hand.

In this article, we shall be looking at the anatomy of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. These include the adductor pollicis, palmaris brevis, interossei, lumbricals, thenar and hypothenar muscles.

Thenar Muscles

The thenar muscles are three short muscles located at the base of the thumb. The muscle bellies produce a bulge, known as the thenar eminence. They are responsible for the fine movements of the thumb.

The median nerve innervates all the thenar muscles.

Opponens Pollicis

The opponens pollicis is the largest of the thenar muscles, and lies underneath the other two.

• Attachments: Originates from the tubercle of the trapezium, and the associated flexor retinaculum. It inserts into the lateral margin of the metacarpal of the thumb (i.e. the first metacarpal).
• Actions: Opposes the thumb, by medially rotating and flexing the metacarpal on the trapezium.
• Innervation: Median nerve.

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

This muscle is found anteriorly to the opponens pollicis and proximal to the flexor pollicis brevis.

• Attachments: Originates from the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium, and from the associated flexor retinaculum. Attaches to lateral side of proximal phalanx of the thumb.
• Actions: Abducts the thumb.
• Innervation: Median nerve.

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

The most distal of the thenar muscles.

• Attachments: Originates from the tubercle of the trapezium and from the associated flexor retinaculum. Attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
• Actions: Flexes the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the thumb.
• Innervation: Median nerve. The deep head is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Figure 1 – Palmar view of the thenar muscles.

Hypothenar Muscles

The hypothenar muscles produce the hypothenar eminence – a muscular protrusion on the medial side of the palm, at the base of the little finger. These muscles are similar to the thenar muscles in both name and organisation.

The ulnar nerve innervates the muscles of the hypothenar eminence.

Opponens Digiti Minimi

The opponens digit minimi lies deep to the other hypothenar muscles.

• Attachments: Originates from the hook of hamate and associated flexor retinaculum, inserts into the medial margin of metacarpal V.
• Actions: It rotates the metacarpal of the little finger towards the palm, producing opposition.
• Innervation: Ulnar nerve.

Abductor Digiti Minimi

The most superficial of the hypothenar muscles.

• Attachments: Originates from the pisiform and the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris. It attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
• Actions: Abducts the little finger.
• Innervation: Ulnar nerve.

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

This muscles lies laterally to the abductor digiti minimi.

• Attachments: Originates from the hook of hamate and adjacent flexor retinaculum, and inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
• Actions: Flexes the MCP joint of the little finger.
• Innervation: Ulnar Nerve.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Figure 2 – Superficial and deep layers of the hypothenar muscles

Lumbricals

These are four lumbricals in the hand, each associated with a finger. They are very crucial to finger movement, linking the extensor tendons to the flexor tendons.

Denerveration of these muscles is the basis for the ulnar claw and hand of benediction.

• Attachments: Each lumbrical originates from a tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus. They pass dorsally and laterally around each finger, and inserts into the extensor hood.

• Actions: The flex at the MCP joint, and extend at the interphalangeal (IP) joints of each finger.

• Innervation: The lateral two lumbricals (of the index and middle fingers) are innervated by the median nerve. The medial two lumbricals (of the little and ring fingers) are innervated by the ulnar nerve.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Figure 3 – The lumbricals of the hand. Note the differing unipennate and bipennate structure.

Interossei

The interossei muscles are located between the metacarpals. They can be divided into two groups: the dorsal and palmar interossei.

In addition to their actions of abduction (dorsal interossei) and adduction (palmar interossei) of the fingers, the interossei also assist the lumbricals in flexion and MCP joints and extension at the IP joints.

Dorsal Interossei

The most superficial of all dorsal muscles, these can be palpated on the dorsum of the hand. There are four dorsal interossei muscles.

• Attachments: Each interossei originates from the lateral and medial surfaces of the metacarpals. They attach into the extensor hood and proximal phalanx of each finger.
• Actions: Abduct the fingers at the MCP joint.
• Innervation: Ulnar nerve.

Palmar Interossei

These are located anteriorly on the hand. There are three palmar interossei muscles – although some texts report a fourth muscle at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

• Attachments: Each interossei originates from a medial or lateral surface of a metacarpal, and attaches into the extensor hood and proximal phalanx of same finger.
• Actions: Adducts the fingers at the MCP joint.
• Innervation: Ulnar nerve.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Fig 4 – The dorsal and palmar interossei of the hand.

Other Muscles in the Palm

There are two other muscles in the palm that are not lumbricals or interossei and do not fit in the hypothenar or thenar compartments:

Palmaris Brevis

This is a small, thin muscle, found very superficially in the subcutaneous tissue of the hypothenar eminence.

• Attachments: Originates from the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum, attaches to the dermis of the skin on the medial margin of the hand.
• Actions: Wrinkles the skin of the hypothenar eminence and deepens the curvature of the hand, improving grip.
• Innervation: Ulnar nerve.

Adductor Pollicis

This is large triangular muscle with two heads. The radial artery passes anteriorly through the space between the two heads, forming the deep palmar arch.

• Attachments: One head originates from metacarpal III. The other head originates from the capitate and adjacent areas of metacarpals II and III. Both attach into the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
• Actions: Adductor of the thumb.
• Innervation: Ulnar nerve.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Fig 5 – The adductor pollicis. Note the two heads of the muscle.

Prosection Images

© Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review - Volume 1: Back and Upper Limb

Prosection 1 – Muscles of the thenar and hypothenar eminences.

© Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review - Volume 1: Back and Upper Limb

Prosection 2 – The lumbricals of the hand.

© Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review - Volume 1: Back and Upper Limb

Prosection 3 – The interossei and adductor pollicis of the hand.

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Forearm Muscles

part 1 flexor compartment

part 2 extensor 

There are many muscles in the forearm. In the anterior compartment, they are split into three categories; superficial, intermediate and deep.

In general, muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm perform flexion at the wrist and fingers, and pronation.

Superficial Compartment

The superficial muscles in the anterior compartment are the flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres.  They all originate from a common tendon, which arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

• Attachments:  Originates from the medial epicondyle with the other superficial flexors. It also has a long origin from the ulna. It passes into the wrist, and attaches to the pisiform carpal bone.
• Actions: Flexion and adduction at the wrist.
• Innervation: Ulnar nerve.

Palmaris Longus

This muscle is absent in about 15% of the population.

Dissection Tip: Just distal to the wrist, if you reflect back the palmaris longus, you will find the median nerve immediately underneath it

• Attachments:  Originates from the medial epicondyle, attaches to the flexor retinaculum of the wrist.
• Actions: Flexion at the wrist.
• Innervation: Median nerve.

Flexor Carpi Radialis

• Attachments: Originates from the medial epicondyle, attaches to the base of metacarpals II and III.
• Actions: Flexion and abduction at the wrist.
• Innervation: Median nerve.

Pronator Teres

The lateral border of the pronator teres forms the medial border of the cubital fossa, an anatomical triangle located over the elbow.

• Attachments: It has two origins, one from the medial epicondyle, and the other from the coronoid process of the ulna. It attaches laterally to the mid-shaft of the radius.
• Actions: Pronation of the forearm.
• Innervation: Median nerve.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Fig 1.0 – The superficial muscles of the anterior forearm.

Intermediate Compartment

The flexor digitorum superficialis is the only muscle of the intermediate compartment. It can sometimes be classed as a superficial muscle, but in most cadavers it lies between the deep and superficial muscle layers.

The muscle is a good anatomical landmark in the forearm – the median nerve and ulnar artery pass between its two heads, and then travel posteriorly.

• Attachments: It has two heads – one originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the other from the radius. The muscle splits into four tendons at the wrist, which travel through the carpal tunnel, and attaches to the middle phalanges of the four fingers.

• Actions: Flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints at the 4 fingers, and flexes at the wrist.

• Innervation: Median nerve.

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Fig 1.1 – The intermediate compartment of the anterior forearm. Flexor digitorum superficialis highlighted in blue.

Deep Compartment

There are three muscles in the deep anterior forearm; flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator quadratus.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

• Attachments: Originates from the ulna and associated interosseous membrane. At the wrist, it splits into four tendons, that pass through the carpal tunnel and attach to the distal phalanges of the four fingers.
• Actions: It is the only muscle that can flex the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers. It also flexes at metacarpophalangeal joints and at the wrist.
• Innervation: The medial half (acts on the little and ring fingers) is innervated by the ulnar nerve. The lateral half (acts on the middle and index fingers) is innervated by the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve.

Flexor Pollicis Longus

This muscle lies laterally to the FDP.

• Attachments: Originates from the anterior surface of the radius, and surrounding interosseous membrane. Attaches to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
• Actions:  Flexes the interphalangeal joint and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.
• Innervation: Median nerve (anterior interosseous branch).

Pronator Quadratus

A square shaped muscle, found deep to the tendons of the FDP and FPL.

• Attachments: Originates from the anterior surface of the ulna, and attaches to the anterior surface of the radius.
• Actions: Pronates the forearm.
• Innervation: Median nerve (anterior interosseous branch).

By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2018)

Fig 1.2 – Deep flexor muscles of the anterior forearm.

Prosection Images

© Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review - Volume 1: Back and Upper Limb

Prosection 1- The superficial layer of the anterior forearm.

© Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review - Volume 1: Back and Upper Limb

Prosection 2 – The intermediate layer of the anterior forearm

© Suárez-Quian & Vilensky. All in One Anatomy Review - Volume 1: Back and Upper Limb

Prosection 3 – The deep layer of the anterior forearm.

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